ДДТ: Разлика помеѓу преработките

[непроверена преработка][непроверена преработка]
Избришана содржина Додадена содржина
с Бот Менува: he:די-די-טי
с Бот: козметички промени
Ред 18:
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|Density=0,99 g/cm³ <ref name="ATSDRc5">[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp35.html ''Toxicological Profile: for DDT, DDE, and DDE.''] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, September 2002.</ref>
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|BoilingPt=се разложува <ref name="ATSDRc5"/>}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
Ред 35:
Започнувајќи од 1962 година со објанвувањето на книгата Silen Spring од американскиот биолог Rachel Carson започнува да се обраќа повеќе внимание врз ефектите кои супстанците ги имаат врз човековото здравје и врз животната средина. Книгата сугерира дека ДДТ и сличните супстанци може да предизвикаат рак кај луѓето и дека може да го загрозат опстанокот и на другите животински видови. Оваа книга доведе до забрана на употребата на ДДТ во сад во 1974 година.<ref name="Lear">Lear, Linda (1997). ''Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature.'' New York: Henry Hoyten.</ref> Употребата на оваа супстанца во [[земјоделство]]то е забрането според Стокхолмската конвенција. Нејзината употреба, во извесна мерка, е дозволена само за контрола на векторите на пренесување на заразни болести, иако и ова не е без контроверзи.<ref name="Larson">{{cite journal|last=Larson|first=Kim|date=December 1, 2007|title=Bad Blood|journal=On Earth|issue=Winter 2008|url=http://www.onearth.org/article/bad-blood?|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref>
 
== Токсични ефекти врз здравјето ==
 
=== Акутна токсичност ===
ДДТ во САД е класификувана како средно токсична супстанца. Многу ретко ДДТ се користи орално за третман на труење со барбитурати.<ref>{{cite journal| journal=Clin Toxicol| year=1973| volume=6| issue=2| pages=147–51| title=Use of oral DDT in three human barbiturate intoxications: hepatic enzyme induction by reciprocal detoxicants| last=Rappolt| first=RT| pmid=4715198}}</ref>
 
=== Хронична токсичност ===
==== Дијабетис ====
Познато е дека органохлорните супстанци може да влијаат врз појавувањето на дијабетис.<ref>{{Citation | last = Jones | first = Oliver AH | last2 = Maguire | first2 = Mahon L | last3 = Griffin | first3 = Julian L | title = Environmental pollution and diabetes: a neglected association | journal = The Lancet | volume = 371 | issue = | pages = 287–288 | date = January 26, 2008 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-4RNK38J-B-1&_cdi=4886&_user=4420&_orig=browse&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2008&_sk=996280390&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=49ceb153cf41f91572ac41664bcf057e&ie=/sdarticle.pdf |format=PDF| doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60147-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Turyk|first=Mary|coauthors=Henry Anderson, Lynda Knobeloch, Pamela Imm and Victoria Persky|date=March 6, 2009|title=Organochlorine Exposure and Incidence of Diabetes in a Cohort of Great Lakes Sport Fish Consumers|journal=Environ. Health Perspect.|volume=e-published ahead of print|url=http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2009/0800281/abstract.html}}</ref><ref> {{Citation | last = Codru | first = Neculai | author-link = | last2 =| first2 = | author2-link = | title = Diabetes in Relation to Serum Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Chlorinated Pesticides in Adult Native Americans | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 115 | issue = | pages =1442–1447 | date = | year = 2007 | url = http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/10315/10315.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref> {{Citation | last = Cox | first = Shanna | author-link = | last2 = ''et al.'' | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Prevalence of Self-Reported Diabetes and Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides among Mexican Americans: Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982–1984 | journal = Environmental Health Perspectives | volume = 115 | issue = | pages = 1747–1752 | date = | year = 2007 | url = http://www.ehponline.org/members/2007/10258/10258.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
==== Ефекти врз репродуктивниот систем ====
Покажано е дека ДДТ и ДДЕ, како и останатите органохлорни соединенија претставуваат [[ксеноесторгени]] супстанци. Врз правилниот развој на репродуктивниот систем овие супстанци може да влијаат на повеќе начини.<ref name="pmid16125595">{{cite journal |author=Rogan WJ, Chen A |title=Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9487 |pages=763–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16125595 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67182-6}}</ref><ref name="Rogan&Ragan">{{cite journal |author=Rogan WJ, Ragan NB |title=Evidence of effects of environmental chemicals on the endocrine system in children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=112 |issue=1 Pt 2 |pages=247–52 |year=2003 |pmid=12837917 |doi= |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12837917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chen A, Rogan WJ |title=Nonmalarial infant deaths and DDT use for malaria control |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=960–4 |year=2003 |pmid=12967494 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no8/03-0082.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Roberts D, Curtis C, Tren R, Sharp B, Shiff C, Bate R |title=Malaria control and public health |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1170–1; author reply 1171–2 |year=2004 |pmid=15224677 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no6/03-0787_03-1116.htm}}</ref><ref>Chen A, Rogan WJ. [http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no6/03-0787_03-1116.htm Malaria control and public health (replies).] ''Emerging Infectious Disease'', 10(6):1171-1172, June 2004</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Cupul-Uicab | first = LA | coauthors = ''et al.'' | title = DDE, a Degradation Product of DDT, and Duration of Lactation in a Highly Exposed Area of Mexico | journal = Environ. Health Perspect. | volume = 116 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–183 | publisher = | location = | year = 2008 | url = http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2007/10550/abstract.html | doi = 10.1289/ehp.10550}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/5145450.stm|title=DDT 'link' to slow child progress| year=2006| author=BBC| accessdate=2006-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Torres-Sánchez L, Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, ''et al.'' |title=In utero p, p'-DDE exposure and infant neurodevelopment: a perinatal cohort in Mexico |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=435–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17431495 |doi=10.1289/ehp.9566}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Aneck-Hahn NH, Schulenburg GW, Bornman MS, Farias P, de Jager C |title=Impaired semen quality associated with environmental DDT exposure in young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa |journal=J. Androl. |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=423–34 |year=2007 |pmid=17192596 |doi=10.2164/jandrol.106.001701}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=De Jager C, Farias P, Barraza-Villarreal A, ''et al.'' |title=Reduced seminal parameters associated with environmental DDT exposure and p, p'-DDE concentrations in men in Chiapas, Mexico: a cross-sectional study |journal=J. Androl. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=16–27 |year=2006 |pmid=16400073 |doi=10.2164/jandrol.05121}}</ref><ref name="pmid19092487">{{cite journal |author=Harley KG, Marks AR, Bradman A, Barr DB, Eskenazi B |title=DDT Exposure, Work in Agriculture, and Time to Pregnancy Among Farmworkers in California |journal=J. Occup. Environ. Med. |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=1335–1342 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19092487 |doi=10.1097/JOM.0b013e31818f684d |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00043764-200812000-00003}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohn BA, Cirillo PM, Wolff MS, ''et al.'' |title=DDT and DDE exposure in mothers and time to pregnancy in daughters |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9376 |pages=2205–6 |year=2003 |pmid=12842376 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13776-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Venners SA, Korrick S, Xu X, ''et al.'' |title=Preconception serum DDT and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=162 |issue=8 |pages=709–16 |year=2005 |pmid=16120699 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwi275}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Longnecker MP |title=Invited Commentary: Why DDT matters now |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=162 |issue=8 |pages=726–8 |year=2005 |pmid=16120697 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwi277}}</ref><ref name="pmid17307219">{{cite journal |author=Nagayama J, Kohno H, Kunisue T, ''et al.'' |title=Concentrations of organochlorine pollutants in mothers who gave birth to neonates with congenital hypothyroidism |journal=Chemosphere |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=972–6 |year=2007 |pmid=17307219 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.010 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0045-6535(07)00040-9}}</ref><ref name="pmid17933884">{{cite journal |author=Alvarez-Pedrerol M, Ribas-Fito N, Torrent M, Carrizo D, Grimalt JO, Sunyer J |title=Effects of PCBs, p, p'-DDT, p, p'-DDE, HCB and {beta}-HCH on thyroid function in preschoolers |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17933884 |doi=10.1136/oem.2007.032763 |url= |accessdate=2008-06-19}}</ref>
 
 
 
== Литература ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Надворешни врски ==
=== Влада на САД ===
* [http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/carson/berenbaum.htm A Persistent Controversy, a Still Valid Warning] - May Berenbaum, head of the entomology department at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
* [http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/ddt/index.htm EPA on DDT]
 
=== Токсичност ===
* [http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ddttech.pdf DDT Technical Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center]
* [http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ddt.htm EXTOXNET: Pesticide Information Profiles&mdash;DDTProfiles—DDT]
* [http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/summary.tcl?edf_substance_id=50-29-3 Scorecard: The Pollution Information Site&mdash;DDTSite—DDT]
* [http://www.loe.org/shows/shows.htm?programID=07-P13-00040 Interview with Barbara Cohn, PhD about DDT and breast cancer]
 
=== Влијание врз животната средина ===
* [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/doetqp/courses/env440/lectures/lec25/lec25.html Microbial Degradation of Pesticides]
* [http://www.fws.gov/contaminants/Info/DDTNews.html US Fish and Wildlife Service Historic News Releases - DDT]
* [http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/ddt/ddt_map.html Aerobic pathway of DDT metabolization]
* [http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/ddt2/ddt2_map.html Anaerobic pathway of DDT metabolization]
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v00pr03.htm Pesticide residues in food 2000 : DDT]
* [http://www.ces.clemson.edu/ees/lee/organochlorines.html Environmental Fate Evaluation of DDT, Chlordane and Lindane]
 
=== Политиката и ДДТ ===
* [http://www.reason.com/rb/rb010704.shtml DDT, Eggshells, and Me] Article from [[Reason magazine]]
* [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3186 ''Rachel Carson, Mass Murderer?: The creation of an anti-environmental myth.''] Aaron Swartz, ''Extra!'', September/October, 2007.
 
===Маларијата и ДДТ===
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/04/AR2005060400130.html "If Malaria's the Problem, DDT's Not the Only Answer"], a ''[[Washington Post]]'' column by [[entomologist]] May Berenbaum
*[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87 'Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health, discusses environmentally friendly control of Malaria and uses of DDT] Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust
*[http://info-pollution.com/ddtban.htm The DDT ban myth]
*[http://www.iea.org.uk/files/upld-publication26pdf?.pdf Malaria and the DDT Story]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/31/2261160.htm Ugandan farmers push for DDT ban. Dated 31 May 2008 ABC News]
 
=== Маларијата и ДДТ ===
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/04/AR2005060400130.html "If Malaria's the Problem, DDT's Not the Only Answer"], a ''[[Washington Post]]'' column by [[entomologist]] May Berenbaum
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/87 'Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health, discusses environmentally friendly control of Malaria and uses of DDT] Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust
* [http://info-pollution.com/ddtban.htm The DDT ban myth]
* [http://www.iea.org.uk/files/upld-publication26pdf?.pdf Malaria and the DDT Story]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/05/31/2261160.htm Ugandan farmers push for DDT ban. Dated 31 May 2008 ABC News]
 
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Преземено од „https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ДДТ