Амхарски јазик: Разлика помеѓу преработките
| [проверена преработка] | [проверена преработка] |
Избришана содржина Додадена содржина
Ред 35:
== Статус ==
Уште од 12 век амхарскиот бил службен јазик на судовите, кралските дворови, трговски јазик, јазик на војската и јазик за секојдневна комуникација. Денес останува како службен јазик на [[Етиопија]].<ref name="Meyer">{{Cite journal|last=Meyer|first=Ronny|year=2006|title=Amharic as lingua franca in Ethiopia|url=https://www.academia.edu/5514187/Amharic_as_lingua_franca_in_Ethiopia|journal=Lissan: Journal of African Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=20|issue=1/2|pages=117–131|via=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Amharic: Political and social effects on English loan words |first=Anbessa |last=Teferra |year=2013 |title=Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages |editor1-first=Judith |editor1-last=Rosenhouse |editor2-first=Rotem |editor2-last=Kowner |publisher=Multilingual Matters |page=165}}</ref> Според податоците од 2007 година, амхарскиот го зборувале 21.6 милиони луѓе во Етиопија<ref name="catalog.ihsn.org" /> а има и дополнителни 4 милиони луѓе кои го зборуваат како втор јазик.<ref name="Lewis" /> Дополнително, надвор од Етиопија јазикот го зборуваат околу 3 милиони . [[Бета Израел|Етиопските Евреи]] во Етиопија и [[Израел]] исто така зборуваат на амхарски.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/06/geez-language-only-left-in-lithurgy.html|title=Israel's Ethiopian Jews keep ancient language alive in prayer|date=29 June 2017|work=Al-Monitor|access-date=26 July 2017|language=en-us}}</ref> Во [[Вашингтон]] јазикот станал еден од шестте јазици, различни од англискиот, дел од Актот за јазична пристапност од 2004 година, со што се овозможува владини услуги и образование на амхарски.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ohr.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ohr/publication/attachments/LAAFactSheet-English.pdf|title=Language Access Act Fact Sheet|date=5 October 2011|accessdate=11 October 2016}}</ref> Исто така, амхарскиот се смета за свет јазик на [[Растафаријанство|Растафарите]] и често се користи од следбениците на Растафаријанското движење. Амхарскиот е најзборуваниот јазик на [[Африкански Рог|Африканскиот Рог]].<ref>http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/3583/download/50086</ref>
==Писмо==
Амхарскиот се пишува со етиопското писмо, кое е абугида.<ref name=MajorLanguages>Hudson, Grover. "Amharic". ''The World's Major Languages''. 2009. Print. Ed. Comrie, Bernard. Oxon and New York: Routledge. pp. 594–617. {{ISBN|0-203-30152-8}}.</ref> Секој карактер од писмото се состои од согласка и самогласка, но основниот облик на карактерот е зададен од согласката. Писмото има повеќе различни карактери за, денес, исто гласови, но тоа се должи на фактот што во минатото сите тие имале различни гласновни вредности. Со текот на времето фонетскиот систем на јазикот се променил, но не и писмото.<ref name=MajorLanguages/> Карактерите на амхарски се именуваат како „фидели“.
=== „Фидели“ ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Етиопско писмо<ref>
{{cite book
|chapter=Ethiopic Writing
|title=The World's Writing Systems
|year=1996
|editor1-last=Daniels
|editor1-first=Peter T.
|editor2-last=Bright
|editor2-first=William
|publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc
|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7
|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/573 573]
|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/573
}}</ref>'''
|- valign=top
! !!{{transl|sem|ä/e}}<br>{{IPA|[ə]}}!!{{transl|sem|u}}!!{{transl|sem|i}}!!{{transl|sem|a}}!!{{transl|sem|ē}}!!{{transl|sem|ə}}<br>{{IPA|[ɨ], ∅}}!!o!!{{transl|sem|ʷä/ue}}<br>{{IPA|[ʷə]}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷi/ui}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷa/ua}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷē/uē}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷə}}<br>{{IPA|[ʷɨ/ū]}}
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|h}}
|{{lang|am|ሀ}}||{{lang|am|ሁ}}||{{lang|am|ሂ}}||{{lang|am|ሃ}}||{{lang|am|ሄ}}||{{lang|am|ህ}}||{{lang|am|ሆ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|l}}
|{{lang|am|ለ}}||{{lang|am|ሉ}}||{{lang|am|ሊ}}||{{lang|am|ላ}}||{{lang|am|ሌ}}||{{lang|am|ል}}||{{lang|am|ሎ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሏ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ḥ}}
|{{lang|am|ሐ}}||{{lang|am|ሑ}}||{{lang|am|ሒ}}||{{lang|am|ሓ}}||{{lang|am|ሔ}}||{{lang|am|ሕ}}||{{lang|am|ሖ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሗ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|m}}
|{{lang|am|መ}}||{{lang|am|ሙ}}||{{lang|am|ሚ}}||{{lang|am|ማ}}||{{lang|am|ሜ}}||{{lang|am|ም}}||{{lang|am|ሞ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሟ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ś}}
|{{lang|am|ሠ}}||{{lang|am|ሡ}}||{{lang|am|ሢ}}||{{lang|am|ሣ}}||{{lang|am|ሤ}}||{{lang|am|ሥ}}||{{lang|am|ሦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|r}}
|{{lang|am|ረ}}||{{lang|am|ሩ}}||{{lang|am|ሪ}}||{{lang|am|ራ}}||{{lang|am|ሬ}}||{{lang|am|ር}}||{{lang|am|ሮ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሯ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|s}}
|{{lang|am|ሰ}}||{{lang|am|ሱ}}||{{lang|am|ሲ}}||{{lang|am|ሳ}}||{{lang|am|ሴ}}||{{lang|am|ስ}}||{{lang|am|ሶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʃ}}
|{{lang|am|ሸ}}||{{lang|am|ሹ}}||{{lang|am|ሺ}}||{{lang|am|ሻ}}||{{lang|am|ሼ}}||{{lang|am|ሽ}}||{{lang|am|ሾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ሿ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|q}}
|{{lang|am|ቀ}}||{{lang|am|ቁ}}||{{lang|am|ቂ}}||{{lang|am|ቃ}}||{{lang|am|ቄ}}||{{lang|am|ቅ}}||{{lang|am|ቆ}}||{{lang|am|ቈ}}||{{lang|am|ቊ}}||{{lang|am|ቋ}}||{{lang|am|ቌ}}||{{lang|am|ቍ}}
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|b}}
|{{lang|am|በ}}||{{lang|am|ቡ}}||{{lang|am|ቢ}}||{{lang|am|ባ}}||{{lang|am|ቤ}}||{{lang|am|ብ}}||{{lang|am|ቦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ቧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|β}}
|{{lang|am|ቨ}}||{{lang|am|ቩ}}||{{lang|am|ቪ}}||{{lang|am|ቫ}}||{{lang|am|ቬ}}||{{lang|am|ቭ}}||{{lang|am|ቮ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ቯ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|t}}
|{{lang|am|ተ}}||{{lang|am|ቱ}}||{{lang|am|ቲ}}||{{lang|am|ታ}}||{{lang|am|ቴ}}||{{lang|am|ት}}||{{lang|am|ቶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ቷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|tʃ}}
|{{lang|am|ቸ}}||{{lang|am|ቹ}}||{{lang|am|ቺ}}||{{lang|am|ቻ}}||{{lang|am|ቼ}}||{{lang|am|ች}}||{{lang|am|ቾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ቿ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|χ}}
|{{lang|am|ኀ}}||{{lang|am|ኁ}}||{{lang|am|ኂ}}||{{lang|am|ኃ}}||{{lang|am|ኄ}}||{{lang|am|ኅ}}||{{lang|am|ኆ}}||{{lang|am|ኈ}}||{{lang|am|ኊ}}||{{lang|am|ኋ}}||{{lang|am|ኌ}}||{{lang|am|ኍ}}
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|n}}
|{{lang|am|ነ}}||{{lang|am|ኑ}}||{{lang|am|ኒ}}||{{lang|am|ና}}||{{lang|am|ኔ}}||{{lang|am|ን}}||{{lang|am|ኖ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ኗ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ɲ}}
|{{lang|am|ኘ}}||{{lang|am|ኙ}}||{{lang|am|ኚ}}||{{lang|am|ኛ}}||{{lang|am|ኜ}}||{{lang|am|ኝ}}||{{lang|am|ኞ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ኟ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʔ}}
|{{lang|am|አ}}||{{lang|am|ኡ}}||{{lang|am|ኢ}}||{{lang|am|ኣ}}||{{lang|am|ኤ}}||{{lang|am|እ}}||{{lang|am|ኦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ኧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|k}}
|{{lang|am|ከ}}||{{lang|am|ኩ}}||{{lang|am|ኪ}}||{{lang|am|ካ}}||{{lang|am|ኬ}}||{{lang|am|ክ}}||{{lang|am|ኮ}}||{{lang|am|ኰ}}||{{lang|am|ኲ}}||{{lang|am|ኳ}}||{{lang|am|ኴ}}||{{lang|am|ኵ}}
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|x}}
|{{lang|am|ኸ}}||{{lang|am|ኹ}}||{{lang|am|ኺ}}||{{lang|am|ኻ}}||{{lang|am|ኼ}}||{{lang|am|ኽ}}||{{lang|am|ኾ}}|||{{lang|am|ዀ}}||{{lang|am|ዂ}}||{{lang|am|ዃ}}||{{lang|am|ዄ}}||{{lang|am|ዅ}}
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|w}}
|{{lang|am|ወ}}||{{lang|am|ዉ}}||{{lang|am|ዊ}}||{{lang|am|ዋ}}||{{lang|am|ዌ}}||{{lang|am|ው}}||{{lang|am|ዎ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʕ}}
|{{lang|am|ዐ}}||{{lang|am|ዑ}}||{{lang|am|ዒ}}||{{lang|am|ዓ}}||{{lang|am|ዔ}}||{{lang|am|ዕ}}||{{lang|am|ዖ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|z}}
|{{lang|am|ዘ}}||{{lang|am|ዙ}}||{{lang|am|ዚ}}||{{lang|am|ዛ}}||{{lang|am|ዜ}}||{{lang|am|ዝ}}||{{lang|am|ዞ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ዟ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ʒ}}
|{{lang|am|ዠ}}||{{lang|am|ዡ}}||{{lang|am|ዢ}}||{{lang|am|ዣ}}||{{lang|am|ዤ}}||{{lang|am|ዥ}}||{{lang|am|ዦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ዧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|j}}
|{{lang|am|የ}}||{{lang|am|ዩ}}||{{lang|am|ዪ}}||{{lang|am|ያ}}||{{lang|am|ዬ}}||{{lang|am|ይ}}||{{lang|am|ዮ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|d}}
|{{lang|am|ደ}}||{{lang|am|ዱ}}||{{lang|am|ዲ}}||{{lang|am|ዳ}}||{{lang|am|ዴ}}||{{lang|am|ድ}}||{{lang|am|ዶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ዷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|''dʒ''
|{{lang|am|ጀ}}||{{lang|am|ጁ}}||{{lang|am|ጂ}}||{{lang|am|ጃ}}||{{lang|am|ጄ}}||{{lang|am|ጅ}}||{{lang|am|ጆ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ጇ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|g}}
|{{lang|am|ገ}}||{{lang|am|ጉ}}||{{lang|am|ጊ}}||{{lang|am|ጋ}}||{{lang|am|ጌ}}||{{lang|am|ግ}}||{{lang|am|ጎ}}||{{lang|am|ጐ}}||{{lang|am|ጒ}}||{{lang|am|ጓ}}||{{lang|am|ጔ}}||{{lang|am|ጕ}}
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ṭ}}
|{{lang|am|ጠ}}||{{lang|am|ጡ}}||{{lang|am|ጢ}}||{{lang|am|ጣ}}||{{lang|am|ጤ}}||{{lang|am|ጥ}}||{{lang|am|ጦ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ጧ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|tʃʼ}}
|{{lang|am|ጨ}}||{{lang|am|ጩ}}||{{lang|am|ጪ}}||{{lang|am|ጫ}}||{{lang|am|ጬ}}||{{lang|am|ጭ}}||{{lang|am|ጮ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ጯ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|pʼ}}
|{{lang|am|ጰ}}||{{lang|am|ጱ}}||{{lang|am|ጲ}}||{{lang|am|ጳ}}||{{lang|am|ጴ}}||{{lang|am|ጵ}}||{{lang|am|ጶ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ጷ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ṣ}}
|{{lang|am|ጸ}}||{{lang|am|ጹ}}||{{lang|am|ጺ}}||{{lang|am|ጻ}}||{{lang|am|ጼ}}||{{lang|am|ጽ}}||{{lang|am|ጾ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ጿ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|ṣ́ }}
|{{lang|am|ፀ}}||{{lang|am|ፁ}}||{{lang|am|ፂ}}||{{lang|am|ፃ}}||{{lang|am|ፄ}}||{{lang|am|ፅ}}||{{lang|am|ፆ}}|| colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;" |
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|f}}
|{{lang|am|ፈ}}||{{lang|am|ፉ}}||{{lang|am|ፊ}}||{{lang|am|ፋ}}||{{lang|am|ፌ}}||{{lang|am|ፍ}}||{{lang|am|ፎ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ፏ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|- style="font-size:2em"
!style="font-size:0.5em"|{{transl|sem|p}}
|{{lang|am|ፐ}}||{{lang|am|ፑ}}||{{lang|am|ፒ}}||{{lang|am|ፓ}}||{{lang|am|ፔ}}||{{lang|am|ፕ}}||{{lang|am|ፖ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"| ||{{lang|am|ፗ}}||colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;"|
|-
! !!{{transl|sem|ä/e}}<br>{{IPA|[ə]}}!!{{transl|sem|u}}!!{{transl|sem|i}}!!{{transl|sem|a}}!!{{transl|sem|ē}}!!{{transl|sem|ə}}<br>{{IPA|[ɨ], ∅}}!!o!!{{transl|sem|ʷ/ue}}<br>{{IPA|[ʷə/ū]}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷi/ui}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷa/ua}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷē/uē}}!!{{transl|sem|ʷə}}<br>{{IPA|[ʷɨ/ū]}}
|}
=== Правописни знаци ===
Punctuation includes the following:
:{{lang|am|[[፠]]}} знак за почеток на параграф
:{{lang|am|[[፡]]}} одделување на зборови
:{{lang|am|[[።]]}} точка
:{{lang|am|[[፣]]}} запирка
:{{lang|am|[[፤]]}} точка-запирка
:{{lang|am|[[፥]]}} две точки
:{{lang|am|[[፦]]}} вовед за текст од описен префикс
:{{lang|am|[[፧]]}} прашалник
:{{lang|am|[[፨]]}} одделувач на параграфи
== Гласови ==
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