Научник: Разлика помеѓу преработките

[непроверена преработка][непроверена преработка]
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Ред 1:
{{Во изработка}}
 
[[File:Scientists montage.jpg|thumb|380px|MontageМонтажа ofод someнекој highlyвисоко influentialинфлуенти [[:Category:scientistsнаучници|scientistsнаучници]] fromод a varietyразни ofнаучни scientific fieldsполиња.Од Fromлево leftкон to rightдесно:<br />TopГорен rowред: [[AristotleАристотел]], [[ArchimedesАрхимед]], [[AlhazenАлхазен|Ibn al-HaythamАлхазен]], [[LeonardoЛеонардо daда VinciВинчи]], [[GalileoГалилео GalileiГалилеј]], [[Johannes KeplerКеплер]], [[AntonieАнтони vanван LeeuwenhoekЛевенхук]], [[IsaacИсак NewtonЊутн]];<br title="CarlКарл Лине LinnaeusL" />SecondВтор rowред: [[CarlКарл LinnaeusЛине]], [[JamesЏејмс Хатон Hutton]], [[AntoineАнтоан LavoisierЛоавоазје]], [[JohnЏон DaltonДалтон]], [[RobertРоберт Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|RobertБраун Brown]], [[MichaelМајкл FaradayФарадеј]], [[CharlesЧарлс DarwinДарвин]], [[GregorГрегор MendelМендел]];<br title="WilliamВилијам Thomson, 1st Baron KelvinТомсон" />ThirdТрет rowред: [[LouisЛуис PasteurПастер]], [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|LordВилијам KelvinТомсон]], [[JamesЏејмс ClerkКларк MaxwellМаксвелl]], [[NikolaНикола TeslaТесла]], [[MaxМакс PlanckПланк]], [[Ernest RutherfordРадерфорд]], [[MarieМарија CurieКири]], [[AlbertАлберт EinsteinАјнштајн]];<br title="ErwinЕрвин SchrödingerШродингер" />FourthЧетврт rowред: [[MaxМакс BornБорн]], [[NielsНилс BohrБор]], [[ErwinЕрвин SchrödingerШродингер]], [[LinusЛинус PaulingПолинг]], [[EnricoЕнрико FermiФерми]], [[WernerВернер HeisenbergХајзенберг]], [[PaulПол DiracДајрак]], [[AlanАлан TuringТуринг]];<br title="CarlКарл SaganСаган" />BottomДолен rowред: [[RichardРичард FeynmanФејман]], [[Rosalind FranklinФранклин]], [[EЕ. OО. WilsonВилсон]], [[CarlКарл SaganСаган]], [[JaneЏејн GoodallГодал]], [[RichardРичард DawkinsДокинс]], [[StephenСтивен HawkingХокинг]], andи [[NeilНил deGrasseдеГрасе TysonТајсон]]]]
Научник,во широка смисла,е личност во систематски активности стекнува [[Знаење|знаења]].Во поограничена смисла,научник може да реферира на индивидуа која користи [[Научен метод|научни методи]].Личноста може да биде експерт на едно или повеќе полиња од наука.Овој членок се фокусира повеќе на ограничена употреба на зборот.Научникот изведува истражување за повеќе детално разбирање на [[Природа|природата]],вклучувајќи физички,математички и социјални сфери.
 
[[Филозофија]] е далечна активност која не генерално се смета за наука.[[Филозофија|Филозофите]] целат да обезбедат сеопфатни сфаќања од нематеријални аспекти од реалноста и искуства што неможат физички да бидат измерени.
[[Philosophy]] is a distinct activity that is not generally considered science. [[Philosophers]] aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of intangible aspects of reality and experience that cannot be physically measured.
 
Scientists are also distinct from [[engineer]]s, those who design, build and maintain devices for particular situations however no engineer attains that title without significant study of science and the scientific method. When science is done with a goal toward practical utility, it is called [[applied science]]. An applied scientist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is conducting research with the aim of developing new technologies and practical methods. When science is done with an inclusion of intangible aspects of reality it is called ''[[natural philosophy]]''.
 
Научниците се исто посебдни од инжињерите,оние кои дизајнираат,градат и одржуваат уреди за одредена ситуација.Кога научник е готов со неговата цел кон практична алатка,се нарекува [[применета наука]].Аплициран научник може да не дизајнира нежто во практичност,но спроведува истражувања со цел на развиток нови технологии и практични методи.Кога научник е готов со вклучување на нематеријални аспекти од реалноста е нарешено натурална филозофија.
==Опис==
 
{{Infobox occupation
| name =
| image = [[File:InvestigadoresUR.JPG|300px]]
| caption = Chemical scientists in a laboratory of the [[University of La Rioja]]
| official_names = Scientist
<!------------Details------------------->
| type = [[Profession]]
| activity_sector = Use of [[scientific method]]
| competencies = Science ([[Astronomy]], [[Biology]],[[Computer science ]], [[Chemistry]], [[Cosmology]], [[Geography]], [[Geology]], [[Law]], [[Mathematics]], [[Physics]], [[Economics]] and others)
| formation =
| employment_field =
| related_occupation =
}}
[[Наука|Науката]] и [[технологијата]] постојано го модифицирале човечкото постоење низ инжинерски процес.Како професија на денешниот научник е широко признаена.Научниците вклучуваат [[Теоретичар|теоретичари]] кој главно развиваат нови модели за да објаснат постоечки податоци и предвидување нови резултати,и експериментичари , главно тест модели со правење мерења-низ практикување поделба меѓу овие активности не се јасни ,и многу научници ги зиведуваат и двете задачи.
 
Ред 28 ⟶ 15:
Научниците можата да бидат мотивирани на неколку начини.Многу имаат желба да разберат зошто [[Свет|светот]] е каков што го гледаме и како настанал.Тие изложуваат силна љубопитност за [[Реалност|реалноста]].Други мотиватори се препознаваат по нивните врсници и престиж,или желба да аплицира научни знаења за корист од човечкото здравје,нациите,светот,природата или индустријата(академски научник и индустриски научник).Научниците се стремат да бидат помалце мотивирани од директни финансиски награди за нивната работа од други кариери.Како резултат ,научни истражувања често прифаќќат помали просечни плати кога се споредени со многу други професии кои бараат слична количина на тренинг и квалификации.<ref>http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/article-2269520/Best-paid-jobs-2012-Official-figures-national-average-UK-salaries-400-occupations.html</ref>
 
==Демографија==
==Demography==
TheБројот numberна ofнаичниците scientistsе isмногу vastlyразличен differentпд fromдржава countryдо to countryдржава. ForNa instanceprimer, thereима are onlyсамо 3 full-timeцеловремени scientistsнаучници per по 10,000 workersработници inво [[PakistanПакистан]] whileдодека thisовој numberброј е is 79 for theза [[UnitedВелика KingdomБританија]] and the и[[United StatesСАД]].<ref name = "Noorden2015">Richard van Noorden (2015) India by the numbers. Nature 521: 142-143 (14 May 2015).</ref> The numbers (per 10,000 workers) for selected countries are as follows:<ref name = "Noorden2015"/>
 
* [[NigeriaНигерија]]: 1
* [[IndonesiaИндонезија]]: 1
* [[MalaysiaМалезија]]: 2
* [[ThailandТајланд]]: 2
* [[BangladeshБангладеш]]: 2
* [[PakistanПакистан]]: 3
* [[IndiaИндија]]: 4
* [[KenyaКениа]]: 6
* [[ChileЧиле]]: 7
* [[BrazilБразил]]: 14
* [[EgyptЕгипет]]: 14
* [[UnitedОбединети ArabАрабски EmiratesЕмирати]]: 15
* [[SaudiСаудиска ArabiaАрабија]]: 15
* [[JapanЈапонија]]: 18
* [[ChinaКина]]: 18
* [[SouthЈужна AfricaАфрика]]: 20
* [[NewНов ZealandЗеланд]]: 35
* [[SpainШпанија]]: 54
* [[RussiaРусија]]: 58
* [[FranceФранција]]: 68
* [[AustraliaАвстралиа]] 69
* [[GermanyГерманија]]: 70
* [[ItalyИталија]]: 70
* [[CanadaКанада]] 73
* [[UKВелика Британија]]: 79
* [[USAСАД]]: 79
 
==Историски развој и етимологијата на терминот==
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Some historians point to the 17th century as the period when science in a recognizably modern form developed (what is popularly called the [[Scientific Revolution]]). It wasn't until the 19th century that sufficient socioeconomic changes occurred for scientists to emerge as a major profession.<ref>On the historical development of the character of scientists and the predecessors, see: Steven Shapin (2008). ''The Scientific Life: A Moral History of a Late Modern Vocation''. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-75024-8</ref>
 
===Античка и средновековна наука===
===Ancient and medieval science===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2013}}
[[History of science in Classical Antiquity|Knowledge about nature in Classical Antiquity]] was pursued by many kinds of scholars. [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] contributions to science—including works of geometry and mathematical astronomy, early accounts of biological processes and catalogs of plants and animals, and theories of knowledge and learning—were produced by [[philosopher]]s and [[physician]]s, as well as practitioners of various trades. These roles, and their associations with scientific knowledge, spread with the [[Roman Empire]] and, with the [[History of Christianity#Church of the Roman Empire (313–476)|spread of Christianity]], became closely linked to religious institutions in most of European countries. [[Astrology]] and [[astronomy]] became an important area of knowledge, and the role of astronomer/astrologer developed with the support of political and religious [[patronage]]. By the time of the [[medieval university]] system, knowledge was divided into the ''[[Trivium (education)|trivium]]''—philosophy, including [[natural philosophy]]—and the ''[[quadrivium]]''—mathematics, including astronomy. Hence, the medieval analogs of scientists were often either philosophers or mathematicians. Knowledge of plants and animals was broadly the province of physicians.
Ред 87 ⟶ 74:
[[Science in medieval Islam]] generated some new modes of developing natural knowledge, although still within the bounds of existing social roles such as philosopher and mathematician. Many proto-scientists from the [[Islamic Golden Age]] are considered polymaths, in part because of the lack of anything corresponding to modern [[scientific discipline]]s. Many of these early polymaths were also religious [[priest]]s and [[Theology|theologians]]: for example, [[Alhazen]] and [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|al-Biruni]] were [[Kalam|mutakallimiin]]; the physician [[Avicenna]] was a [[Hafiz (Quran)|hafiz]]; the physician [[Ibn al-Nafis]] was a hafiz, [[muhaddith]] and [[ulema]]; the botanist [[Otto Brunfels]] was a theologian and historian of Protestantism; the astronomer and physician [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] was a priest. During the [[Italian Renaissance]] scientists like [[Leonardo Da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Galileo Galilei]] and [[Gerolamo Cardano]] have been considered as the most recognizable polymaths.
 
===Историчарска наука===
===Historical scientists===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2010}}
During the [[Renaissance]], [[Italians]] made substantial contributions in science. [[Leonardo Da Vinci]] made significant discoveries in paleontology and anatomy. The Father of modern Science,<ref name="father of science Einstein">[[#Reference-Einstein-1954|Einstein (1954, p. 271)]]. "Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics—indeed, of modern science altogether."</ref><ref>Stephen Hawking, [http://www.medici.org/press/galileo-and-birth-modern-science ''Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science''], American Heritage's Invention & Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36</ref>
Ред 100 ⟶ 87:
Some see a [[dichotomy]] between experimental sciences and purely "[[observation]]al" sciences such as [[astronomy]], [[meteorology]], [[oceanography]] and [[seismology]]. But [[astronomer]]s have done basic research in [[optics]], developed [[charge-coupled device]]s, and in recent decades have sent [[space probes]] to study other [[planet]]s in addition to using the [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Telescope]] to probe the [[Cosmogony|origins]] of the [[Universe]] some 14 billion years ago. [[Rotational spectroscopy|Microwave spectroscopy]] has now identified dozens of [[organic compound|organic molecules]] in [[interstellar medium|interstellar space]], requiring [[laboratory]] experimentation and [[computer simulation]] to confirm the observational [[data]] and starting a new branch of chemistry. [[Computer simulation|Computer modeling]] and [[number|numerical]] methods are techniques required of students in every field of quantitative science.
 
===WomenЖени inво scienceнауката===
{{Main|Women in science}}
The percent of women entering into science are usually intertwined with engineering stats but the combination of the percentages shows the low numbers that are involved. The number of science and engineering doctorates awarded to women rose from a mere 7 percent in 1970 to 34 percent in 1985 and in engineering alone the numbers of bachelor's degrees awarded to women rose from only 385 in 1975 to more than 11000 in 1985.<ref>{{cite book | title = Women's Science: Learning and Succeeding from the Margins | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 1998 |author = Margaret A. Eisenhart, Elizabeth Finkel | page = 18}}</ref>
Ред 106 ⟶ 93:
The inequality prevails into the professional setting in ways such as starting position inequality and income inequality. According to Eisenhart and Finkel, women's experiences, even when they have equal qualifications, are that they start in lower positions while men are granted tenure track positions. This later predicts a gender inequality of tenured positions as scientists in universities, "as of 1989, 65 percent of men and only 40 percent of women held tenured positions." Income conflicts occur when median annual salaries for full-time employed civilian scientists are compared, "salary for men is $48,000, and that for women is $42,000."<ref>Eisenhart and Finkel, Ch 1 in The Gender and Science Reader ed. Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch. New York, Routledge, 2001. (16-17)</ref>
 
==Видови на научници==
==Types of scientists==
Those considering science as a [[career]] often look to the frontiers. These include [[physical cosmology|cosmology]] and [[biology]], especially [[molecular biology]] and the [[human genome]] project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of [[matter]] at the scale of [[elementary particle]]s as described by [[particle physics|high-energy physics]], and [[materials science]], which seeks to discover and design new materials. Although there have been remarkable discoveries with regard to [[Human brain|brain]] function and [[neurotransmitter]]s, the nature of the [[mind]] and [[human]] [[thought]] still remains unknown.
 
===ByПо fieldполе===
* [[Агрикултурниl]] научници
* [[Agricultural]] scientists
* [[ArchaeologistАрхеолози]]s
* [[AstronomerАстрономи]]s
**[[Астрофизичари]]
**[[Astrophysicist]]s
**[[Астробиолози]]
**[[astrobiology|Astrobiologists]]
* [[BiologistБиолози]]s
**[[Биотехнолози]]
**[[Biotechnology|Biotechnologist]]s
**[[Биоинформатичари]]
**[[Bioinformatics|Bioinformatician]]
**[[Биофизичари]]
**[[Biophysics|Biophysicists]]
**[[Ботанија|Ботаничари]]
**[[Botany|Botanists]]
**[[Ecology|EcologistsЕкологисти]]
**[[Ентомологија|Ентомолози]]
**[[Entomology|Entomologists]]
**[[Еволутивни биолози]]
**[[Evolutionary biologist]]s
**[[GeneticistГенетичари]]s
**[[Имунолози]]
**[[Herpetology|Herpetologists]]
**[[Медицински научници]]
**[[Immunology|Immunologists]]
**[[Микробиолози]]
**[[Ichthyology|Ichthyologists]]
**[[Молекуларни биолоз]]
**[[Lepidopterist]]s
**[[Mammalogy|MammalogistsМиколози]]
**[[Неуронаучник]]
**[[Marine biologist]]s
**[[Нутриционист]]
**[[Biomedical research|Medical scientists]]
**[[MicrobiologistОрнитолози]]s
**[[Палеонтолози]]
**[[Molecular biologist]]s
**[[Патологија|Патолози]]
**[[Mycology|Mycologists]]
**[[Фармалогисти]]
**[[Neuroscientist]]s
**[[NutritionistФизиолози]]
**[[Виролози]]
**[[Ornithology|Ornithologists]]
**[[PaleontologistsЗоолози]]
* [[Хемичари]]
**[[Pathology|Pathologists]]
**[[Аналитички хемичари]]
**[[Pharmacology|Pharmacologists]]
**[[Биохемија|Биохемичари]]
**[[Physiology|Physiologists]]
**[[Неоргански хемичари]]
**[[Virologist]]s
**[[Органски хемичари]]
**[[Zoology|Zoologists]]
**[[Физички хемичари]]
* [[Chemist]]s
* [[Компјутерки научници]]
**[[Analytical chemist]]s
**[[Геолози]]
**[[Biochemistry|Biochemists]]
**[[Inorganic chemistГеофизичари]]s
**[[Хидролози]
**[[Organic chemist]]s
**[[Physical chemistМетеолози]]s
**[[Минералогисти]]
* [[Computer scientist]]s
**[[Океанографи]]
* [[Earth science|Earth scientists]]
**[[Палеонтологисти]]
**[[Geologist]]s
**[[GeophysicistВулканолози]]s
*[[Метријални научници]]
**[[Glaciology|Glaciologists]]
* [[Математичари]]s<ref name="Whewell" />
**[[Hydrologist]]s
** [[Статистичари]]
**[[Limnology|Limnologists]]
* [[Воени научници]]
**[[Meteorologists]]
* [[Физичари]]
**[[Mineralogy|Mineralogists]]
** [[Применета физика]]
**[[Oceanography|Oceanographers]]
**[[Здравствени физичари]]
**[[Paleontology|Paleontologists]]
** [[Нуклеарни физичари]]
**[[Seismology|Seismologists]]
** [[Астрофизичари]]
**[[Volcanology|Volcanologists]]
* [[PПсихолози]]
* [[Library science|Library scientists]]
** [[Абнормална психологија]]
*[[Materials science|Materials scientists]]
** [[Однесувачка психологија]]
* [[Mathematician]]s<ref name="Whewell" />
** [[Биопсихологија]]
** [[Statisticians]]
** [[Клиничка психологија]]
** [[Operations research analyst]]s/[[Management scientist|Management Scientists]]
** [[CКомпаративна психологија]]
** [[Actuaries]] <!-- (Some people constantly removes this category. Please read "Historical development" before deleting this category.) -->
** [[Унапредувачки психолози]]
* [[Military science|Military scientists]]
** [[Едукативни психолози]]
* [[Physicist]]s
** [[Еволутивни психолози]]
** [[Applied physics|Applied physicist]]s
** [[Експериментални психолози]]
**[[Health physics|Health Physicist]]s
** [[Форензички психолози]]
** [[Nuclear Physicist]]s
** [[Здравствени психолози]]
** [[Astrophysicist]]s
** [[Медицинска психологија|Медицински психолози]]
* [[Psychologist]]s
** [[Неуропсихолози]]
** [[Abnormal psychology|Abnormal psychologist]]s
** [[Фармацефти]]
** [[Behavioral psychology|Behavioral psychologist]]s
** [[Психологија|Психолози]]
** [[Biopsychology|Biopsychologist]]s
** [[Социјални психолози]]
** [[Clinical psychologist]]s
** [[Спортска физиологија|Спортски физиологи]]
** [[Comparative psychologist]]s
* [[Социјални науки|Социјални научници]]
** [[Cognitive psychologist]]s
**[[Антропологија|Антрополози]]
** [[Developmental psychologist]]s
***[[Етнолози]]
** [[Educational psychologist]]s
**[[Комуникативни учења|Комуникативни научници]]
** [[Evolutionary psychologist]]s
**[[Криминалогија|Криминалози]]
** [[Experimental psychologist]]s
**[[Демографија|Демографичари]]
** [[Forensic psychology|Forensic psychologist]]s
**[[Економисти]]
** [[Health psychology|Health psychologists]]
**[[Географичари]]
** [[Industrial and organizational psychology|Industrial and organizational psychologist]]s
**[[Лингвицисти]]
** [[Medical psychology|Medical psychologist]]s
**[[Политичка економија|Политички економци]]
** [[Neuropsychologist]]s
**[[Политичка наука|Политички научници]]
** [[Psychopharmacology|Psychopharmacologist]]s
**[[Социологија|Социолози]]
** [[Psychophysics|Psychophysicist]]s
** [[Social psychologist]]s
** [[Sport psychology|Sport psychologist]]s
* [[Social sciences|Social scientists]]
**[[Anthropology|Anthropologists]]
***[[Ethnologists]]
**[[Communication studies|Communication scientists]]
**[[Criminology|Criminologists]]
**[[Demography|Demographers]]
**[[Economist]]s
**[[Geographer]]s
**[[Linguistics|Linguists]]
**[[Political economy|Political economists]]
**[[Political science|Political scientists]]
**[[Sociology|Sociologists]]
 
===ByОд employerработодавач===
* [[AcademicАкадемик]]s
* [[Применета наука|Индустријални/Аплицирани научници]]
* [[Applied science|Industrial/Applied Scientists]]
[[Граѓани научници]]
* [[Layperson|Lay people]] scientists/[[Citizen scientist]]s
* [[Самостојни научници ]]
* [[Independent scientist]]
* [[Владини научници]]
* [[Government scientist]]
 
==SeeВиди alsoуште==
* [[EngineersИнжињери]]
* [[InventorИнвентори]]
* [[ResearcherИстражувачи]]
* [[Историја на науката]]
* [[Fields Medal]]
* [[Интелектуалност]]
* [[Hippocratic Oath for Scientists]]
* [[HistoryЛуди of scienceнаучници]]
* [[Природна наука]]
* [[Intellectual]]
* [[Нобелова награда]
* [[Mad scientist]]
* [[Нормативна наука]]
* [[Natural science]]
* [[NobelПсевдо Prizeнаука]]
* [[Социјална наука]]
* [[Protoscience]]
* [[Normative science]]
* [[Pseudoscience]]
* [[Social science]]
 
;Related lists
Преземено од „https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Научник